Kautilya Arthasastra Religious Practice

Religious Practice

Even if the royal religion is destroyed due to the protection of the Uri and the Ashram, the king becomes the embodiment of all religions.

The decision of every dispute is based on three methods - that is, religion, conduct, character and royal rule. Royal rule is considered the best of these. Religion is based on truth and practice on witnesses. The state of character is based on tradition and the state of governance is based on fair and just punishment. The king who follows the religion and is engaged in his religion becomes the heir of heaven. The king who goes against this is the one who goes to hell. He looks at both son and enemy equally. The one who protects and protects enjoys the happiness of both worlds.

The king who rules by taking refuge in religion, conduct and justice, he conquers the world surrounded by the ocean. Even if there is conflict in the religion, then the justice of the king will be considered as evidence.

Marriage Dharma

Kautilya Arthasastra Religious Practice

In this chapter, the marriage dharma, the gift of a bride, the gift of a bride's wealth and the procedure for giving the first wife's wealth if the husband marries another wife are explained. All types of customs depend on the marriage.

There are eight types of marriage - A marriage in which the bride is adorned and given as a gift to a worthy groom is considered as 'Brahma' marriage. A marriage in which the bride and groom take an oath to live together in accordance with the Dharma is called 'Prajapatya' marriage. A marriage in which the bride and groom accept two cows from the groom and give the bride is called 'Arsha' marriage. A marriage in which the bride is given as a gift sitting on the altar in the presence of a Rithika is called 'Daiva' marriage. If the bride and groom get married without anyone's permission

 Kautilya Arthasastra 

Cha is called 'Gandharva' marriage. To get a wife by taking money from the girl or the girl's father is called 'Asura' marriage. If a girl is kidnapped and married by force, it is called 'Rakshasa' marriage. If a girl is kidnapped and married while she is still a virgin, it is called 'Pishacha' marriage.

The husband of a barren woman should wait for eight years for the birth of a child. The husband of a dead son should wait for ten years and the husband of a girl should wait for twelve years. If even then a son is not born, then the husband who desires a child can marry a second wife. If the husband marries a second wife before this time, then the former wife will have to pay compensation along with money and the government will also have to impose a fine.

A husband who is unwilling to go to a woman during menstruation is liable to punishment. But he should not go to a woman who is unwilling to go to a woman with a child. It is forbidden to go to a coolie or a woman who is unmarried. But a woman who desires a son can go to such a man.

A woman has the right to divorce a husband who is of low character, is a permanent resident, is a traitor, is a murderer, is a scoundrel, is a deviant, and is a scoundrel.

Marital conduct

A woman of 12 years and a man of 16 years are considered adults. After this age limit, violating the royal law will be considered a punishable offense.

In a case of dispute, even if no limit is fixed for the maintenance of a woman, she must always be given food, clothing, etc. If a limit is fixed, then she will receive all the expenses.

If the husband is an adulteress and speaks falsely, he is liable to this punishment. A husband who wants to divorce an innocent wife cannot divorce her without her consent. A wife who wants to divorce a guilty husband will not be entitled to the full amount of money. A marriage concluded according to religion cannot be dissolved.

Treason, running away from the husband's house for any reason, these are some of the crimes that will deprive women of their dower and money from their father.

Other crimes

If an adult woman runs away from her husband's house, she will be punished with six penas. But if she runs away due to her husband's insult or because of her husband's crime, then the woman will not be punished. If she gives room to another man in her house and has sex with him

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If a woman has sexual intercourse with her husband, she will be the owner of the 12-year bond. In this case, even if the husband gives her a place in his house, he will be the owner of that bond. It is not a crime to give in danger. It is forbidden for women to go to their relatives' houses when the time comes for death, hunting, how and pregnancy. A woman who keeps the loot of her friends and relatives in her own house by deception is the owner of the punishment.

If the husband of a woman married by religious marriage leaves her without telling her, then what? She will wait for him for seven months. After that, she can accept another husband as ordered by the religious judge. If the woman leaves her husband's brother and marries another man, then that woman will be the heir of the punishment.

Division of liability

If both parents are alive, the son will not inherit the ancestral property. If the father and mother die, he can share the ancestral property. The wealth inherited by the father is indivisible, but the property is divisible. After the fourth birth, the property can be divided.

Division of shares

Among many sons, the share of the eldest son is one tenth more. Daughters are the owners of the maternal property, not the father's property.

If a man has several wives and the number of sons is large, then the son who was born first is the eldest. The son of a woman who is a child of a cultured or unmarried woman is considered the eldest, even if he is younger. When twins are born, the son who is born first is considered the eldest son.

Division of sons

A son born to one's wife by another man is considered the son of her husband. But some consider a son to be the son of a begetter. A son born to a married woman is called a son of a natural son. If a woman considers the son of a daughter to be her own son, then that son is also considered as a son of a natural son. A son born by appointment is considered a Kshetra. If a man appointed by him has any son,

Kautilya Arthasastra

Otherwise, he will be considered a Kshetra Bigotri and will be the owner of the property of both fathers.

According to the customs and practices of the country, caste, society and village, the distribution of property should be made for that country.

Immovable property

Disputes related to property depend on the witnesses of the neighbors. Houses, fields, gardens, bridges, pleasures, etc. are all called property. While constructing a house, keep in mind the convenience of the people. It is necessary to keep a small road between two houses. According to the law, those who do not construct a house are liable to punishment. If any damage is caused to the house of another due to someone constructing his own house, then he is liable to punishment.

Sale of property

Kautilya Arthasastra Religious Practice

One's own relatives, relatives, and the rich have the right to buy the house and land. If there is a buyer who is willing, only the one who offers the willing price can buy it. The person who increases the price will collect the royal tax.

If there is a dispute regarding the boundary of two villages, then the nearest five or ten villagers will mediate the dispute. If there is no decision, the king's word will be the final word.

Similarly, disputes regarding the boundaries of tapovans, riverside highways, crematoriums, temples, yagnashalas and holy places should be resolved.

Violence in various areas

Various activities including blocking waterways, wasting water, marking the boundaries of other lands, wells, holy places, merging the land of a temple with other lands, mortgaging, selling, brokering, etc. are punishable offenses

Blocking the path of traffic, blocking the path of animals, blocking bridges, forest paths, crematoriums, village paths, Dronmukhs, etc. are punishable offenses.

If a deer in a sanctuary eats and destroys the crops of someone's land, complain to the sanctuary authorities and prevent the deer from coming.

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Crime. Cruelty to animals is a crime. This law is especially applicable to stray animals / Failure to cooperate in public works is a punishable offense.

It is the duty of the king to organize all the workers working collectively and organize bridges, roads, village beautification and village defense for the country and to do good and beneficial work for everyone.

Lending

It is said that it is permissible to take a monthly interest of 100 paan if taking a loan, 5 paan in the field of buying and selling, 10 paan from traders trading in forests and remote areas, and 20% paan by sea. Any deviation from this rule will be punishable. If the price of the sold bread is not paid and it is gradually paid, interest will have to be paid. Giving false witness is a punishable offense.

If the dispute increases due to denial after taking the loan, then one has to rely on the witness. The statement of a witness will not be accepted. The testimony of close relatives, servants, creditors, debtors, enemies and criminals will not be proven. Before giving testimony, it is essential to take an oath to tell the truth.

Upanishad

This practice is being assessed in relation to stored items. The system of non-repayment of debt is also applied to stored items.

Before any person does any transaction with a person or a stranger, he should present it in front of witnesses. Which is desirable to be written down. People of the country, time and good years should be used knowingly and observing them.

Slave Karmakar Kutch

This practice is being considered in relation to slaves and karmakars. Being a slave to someone for the sake of earning a living, if someone sells or mortgages the property of an underage Shudra to someone else, it is a punishable offense. If a Vaishya boy is sold, this fine will be doubled and if it is sold to a Kshatriya or Brahmin, a fine of three times or even four times will have to be paid. If the seller is his own

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If not, then someone else will also be punished. There may also be a fine. The person who buys that thing or property will also be subject to punishment.

Karmakar Kalpa

A worker is entitled to a fixed wage, but if his wage is not fixed, he should be paid according to his work and time. A wage earner will receive the wage that has been fixed in advance. If the employer does not pay the wage, then a tenth of the fine will have to be paid. If the worker refuses to accept the wage, then he will be subject to a fine. The one who protects from danger is also subject to remuneration.

Samva Samathan

Here the distribution of wages among many people who do the work together is mentioned. The one who does not work even if he is paid will be subject to the penalty. The worker who violates the specified place and time is a criminal. This rule is also applicable to organized workers.

If any work of the company is involved, then he can be suspended. If he commits a greater offense than this, he will receive the same punishment.

They will share the money that a sacrificial priest gets for his work and the remuneration that he has already decided.

Regarding purchase and sale

If the thing sold is given to the seller instead of being given to the buyer, it is punishable. But if there is any dispute about that thing, then it is not punishable.

In the case of Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, if there is any dispute before marriage, then the marriage can be dissolved. But this is not possible after the marriage. Even after these three years of marriage, if the man is a eunuch and the woman is proven to be a prostitute, then the marriage can be dissolved.

Hide the fault of the bride and groom. After the marriage is consummated, both parties will have to pay a fine.

So that there is no hardship for both the donor and the recipient, the arrangements for donations and buying and selling should be made by the king's council of ministers and the religious council.

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Ownership and Recourse

This rule shall apply to those who do not give a promise to give and who do not give a loan even after promising to give. If a person promises to give his best, three-sided property, he cannot refuse it in advance. If a promise is made to give a machine to someone who thinks it is worthy and in the end it turns out to be unworthy, then after the dispute is over, the money should be kept with a noble person. This dispute should be resolved by religious means.

Giving and accepting a fine due to fear of anger and misfortune is a punishable offense. Accepting or giving a gift for the murder of someone is an offense. If a person gives a gift out of pride more than the gift given by the king, then that is a punishable offense.

The right of the ascetics to protect the king from the hands of any false heirs destroys the king who rules unjustly.

Bravery

Forcible acts, kidnapping etc. fall under the category of ‘brave’. Kidnapping of a person is considered ‘steya’. For bravery in relation to precious objects like gems, gold etc., the offender is punished according to their value. Some people think that a double fine should be imposed. The punishment is prescribed according to the crime of the debtor. A fine of 12 to 24 paan is imposed for bravery in relation to flowers, fruits, vegetables etc.

A fine of 500 to 1000 paan has been imposed for keeping any woman or man in a state of confinement, kidnapping a state prisoner. Those who commit a misdemeanor by conspiring to do so have to pay double the fine. There is a provision for punishment for their helpers to pay triple the fine.

Harshness of speech

This parusya is of three types – slander, slander and extortion. To blame someone for their body, to use foul language, etc. is slander. To abuse someone by calling them mad or stupid is slander. To threaten to kill someone is atsurajan. There is a separate punishment system for this. A person who commits crimes like offering food, drinking alcohol and committing adultery has to suffer half the punishment.

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Punishment

Chanda Parusya means beating. It is of three types – touch, abguntha and prahat. Touch involves touching something impure or dirty. Punishment has been prescribed for defilement of different parts of the body according to the fingers and impure objects. If someone is caught and ink is applied, a large fine has to be paid. There is a separate punishment for beating with a stick and causing blood to flow or for bathing.

These should be determined from the evidence of witnesses or from the marks of injuries and wounds, etc.

There are separate punishments for cutting down trees located in holy places and in the forest, cutting down trees on the boundary line, cutting down trees with road markings and trees in the king's forest.

Tiwari system

Tiwari officers should make arrangements for gambling in one place. Gambling in another place will be a punishable offence. The government should appoint a gambling director to keep an eye on the gamblers. If any one commits cheating or any other crime in gambling, the gambling director will punish him. There should also be a provision for the pawning of the gamblers' belongings.

This provision is also laid down in the Gutres Act. But this provision will not be laid down in the case of competitions related to art and industry.

If any person borrows, asks for rent or gives clothes to another person as a pawn and does not return them within the stipulated time, he will have to face punishment.

There is a fine of one thousand shillings for the crime of tying up minors. Brahmins, ascetics, women, boys, etc., who do not want to go to the king to relieve their sorrows, let them do their work themselves. People with such an attitude should do their work themselves. If they can do this, they will be considered as samadarshis. He will gain the trust and popularity of everyone.

Kautilya Arthashastra