The seedbed should be kept in the dew for seven nights and then kept in the sun for seven days. The seeds of moong and betel should also be kept in the dew and heat for three or five days in the same way. For sowing sugarcane, a mixture of cow dung and honey, ghee and pork fat should be applied on the cut sugarcane cuttings. The seeds covered with strong covering like canvas etc. should be covered with cow dung only. The holes in which the seeds of mango, plantain etc. are to be sown should first be uprooted and the ground warmed up and animal bones and cow dung should be placed in the holes at the time of sowing. After sowing the seeds in this way, when they sprout, two small fish should be kept in that hole along with milk. It is good to remember the Lord at the time of sowing all kinds of seeds.
Suradhayaksha
The person in charge of the department by which liquor is made is called Surakhakil.
Kautilya Arthashastra Seed treatment
The Suradhayaksha should be trained by a skilled and experienced trader. If the Suradhayaksha thinks it necessary, then a central place should be established for this work and liquor can be made there, so that it can be bought and sold for business in many places.
The Surakhayl should prepare a liquor store where there will be many houses. There will be separate seats and beds. A suitable place is required for drinking liquor. Where there should be fragrant things, flowers, water and various metals that are pleasant for enjoyment.
Liquor is of six types, namely - Maidaka, Prasana, Asava, Avista, Maraiya and Madhu. Now these are being analyzed.
By mixing one part of Dronjala, half of the Rutla, and three parts of Surabeeja, the liquor named ‘Maidaka’ is prepared.
Vishnu's recipe for making Surabij
Surabij is prepared by mixing one Dron, one-third of Atap or Siddha Rula seeds and one Karsha Morat in one Dron water.
Kautilya Arthashastra
Sambha Yoga Vidhu
Take five grains of each of the following: patha, (ambastha) loradha, tejovati, gajapili ela, baluja, balichhadha, mulahati, madhurasa, angur, jalguni, daruhaldi, laka and pipuli and mix them all together, then this will make the mevaka and prasana suravik of madira.
If the mulahavi is mixed with danadab kini and mixed with madira, then its color will turn bright.
Sunadhyaksha
The place that is designated for slaughtering animals is called suna (slaughterhouse) and its chairman is called ‘sunakshaksha’.
Duties of the Sunadhyaksha – If any person attempts to kill, trap, beat or otherwise kill any animal, bird or fish that has been granted protection by the king or which roams the king’s sanctuary or the hermitage of the sages, the Sunadhyaksha will punish him for such bravery (1000 panas). However, if a person kills a bird for the sake of his family’s livelihood, then he will be punished for moderate bravery.
Wild Animals
Elephants, horses, humans, cows, and sea fish in the shape of donkeys, fish found in lakes, rivers, canals, etc., tortoises, eagles, peacocks, boars, swans, swans, birds, birds of prey, and the hawk-owl are all considered as birds of prey. Apart from this, it is the duty of the chief to protect himself from any other kind of game or bird. Negligence in this matter will amount to a punishable offence.
If any vicious game, ferocious beast, fish, tiger etc. living in the sanctuary escapes from the reserved forest, then it will be considered as killing and capturing them.
Kautilya Arthashastra
The courtesan
The royal official who manages the prostitutes is called the courtesan. It is the job of the courtesan to appoint beautiful, divinely endowed, talented girls who are born in the courtesan lineage or are also born in the courtesan lineage as courtesans in the royal palace at a salary of one thousand pans per year. A beautiful woman like this can also be appointed as a courtesan.
After examining the beauty and charm of the prostitutes, they are divided into junior, middle, and senior classes and are paid an annual salary of one, two, and three thousand pans. These prostitutes are employed in the king's work related to the king's umbrella, fan, palanquin, and chariot pulling. Another prostitute is appointed in the place of the old prostitute and she is appointed in the place of her mother. That old prostitute will receive training in royal service.
The livelihood of prostitutes, actresses, masseurs, oil massagers, etc. should be arranged from the state income. Their sons and men should be appointed to state work and a strict watch should be kept on them.
Naval Officer
The state officer who supervises the work related to navigation is called Naval Officer. This officer observes the traffic routes along the sea coast in cities, at the confluence of the sea and the river, when the water dries up in the pool during the summer, etc. In order to get a livelihood from these villages or cities, the residents of the sea and river banks will pay one-sixth of their income as tax. This is also applicable in the port trade sector. If a person uses a state ship, he should pay its tax. If he stays, then he can use his own ship.
Brahmins, monks, boys, old people, old patients, porters and pregnant women can cross the river free of charge by showing money to this boatman. Foreigners can enter the state through the borders.
Cow-adhyaksha
The officer who is assigned to look after the cows is called a cow-adhyaksha. His duties include the management of cattle, cattle slaughter, cattle slaughter, milking, and other animal husbandry.
Kautilya Arthashastra
Five types of workers, namely, cowherds, pindarakas, dohakas, manukas, and lubadhakas, are employed to look after one hundred cows in cash and kind. They are not paid in milk, ghee, etc., because there is a risk of the calf dying if it does not get milk. These methods are called ‘betanopagahiki’.
The five types of cattle, namely, old, dugdhada, sagarbha, bullock kamya, and bastari, are employed to be looked after by twenty cows, and every year the owner of the cowherd is paid eight ghee and one pana fee for each animal.
Five men should be kept in every farm where there are one hundred donkeys or horses. Ten men should be kept for a farm of one hundred goats and sheep, and four men should be kept for a farm of one hundred cattle or buffaloes or bhat.
Horseman
The officer in charge of the royal horses is called the horseman. Write the number of these seven types of horses in your essay. Those horses are the horses prepared for sale in the market, the horses purchased, the horses obtained in war, the horses born in the stables, the horses received in exchange for help, the horses received as a hoard and the horses brought for a short time for special purposes. The breed, place, especially the origin and the place of receipt of the horses should also be written. The arrangements for the replacement or treatment of defective, deformed and sick horses should also be informed to the king.
The horseman (Sais) should be employed in the service of the horses by giving him cash and food for a month. The horse shed should be built according to the number of horses. The horse shed should have a large door and a large seat outside the door for the horse to sit.
There should be a proper arrangement for the horses in labor. Similarly, foals should be reared until they reach the age of one to five years. Different classes of horses have different types of faces, body widths, thighs and lengths. Similarly, provisions are made for the food of different classes of horses.
The gait of horses is of seven types, namely, Kapichuta, Bhaikata, Enpluta, Ekapalapastuta, Kokilasanchari, Urasya and Bakpatri.
The gait of horses is of eight types, namely, Kaaka, Barikakaka, Mayura, Arva Mayura, Nakula, Ardha Nakula, Varaha and Ardha Varaha.
Kautilya Arthasastra
The name of the gait according to the signs taught during the teaching is Narog. It is decided that good, medium and bad horses should be led by twelve, nine and two yojanas respectively. Similarly, good, medium and bad horses should be led by ten, seven and a half and five yojanas respectively.
The gait of good, medium and bad horses is also of three types – Vikram, Bhatrasasa and Bharavadya. The gait of different types of horses is also of five types – Nizyam Balgit, Upakant, Upalava and Jaya.
The Ashrakachal should remember this fact that in the autumn and summer seasons, the horse should be bathed twice daily and offered gandhalaya. It is necessary to perform Bhutaba Bhakti on Tithub, the new moon of Krishna Paksha and to perform Swastivachan in the full moon. The Ashvadhaksha should perform Aarti of the horse on Tithu, the ninth day of the Shukla month of Ashvina. At the beginning of the journey and after returning and when the horse is sick, the horse should be kept busy with the work of taming.
Elephant keeper
The chief officer of the elephant is called the elephant keeper. His main job is to ensure the safety of the elephant enclosure. The elephant keeper himself is responsible for arranging the elephant enclosure, sleeping place, harness, food, green fodder etc. for the trained elephant, female elephant and calf. The elephant should be trained and made strong.
The elephant is nine cubits long. Therefore, its enclosure should be eighteen cubits high. There should be extra space in that enclosure. Its tusks and veranda should be large. The enclosure should face east or north.
There should be proper arrangements for the elephant to defecate. Beds should be specially made for them. The bed of an untrained and vicious elephant should be outside the fort. For the daily activities of the elephant, the day should be divided into eight parts and arrangements should be made for bathing, eating, etc. at regular times. Three parts of the night should be ensured, two parts for sleeping and one part for rolling around and getting up and sitting.
Types of Elephants
Like elephants, there are types – damaya, sanmah, upabahaya and bayala. Damaya is of five types – shaktagata, stabhagata, barigata, arapavagata and yuthagata. Sannah elephant
Kautilya Arthasastra
There are seven types – Upasthana, Sambartana, Samman and Dhavavad. Upabahaya elephants are of eight types – Vaarav Kunjaropahaya, Ghorana, Aghanagati, Yastapahaya, Kroto Pahaya, Suddopahaya... and Margarayuka.
What are the types of harassing elephants – Karma Shakti Arbrudha, Bissama, Pravinna, Pravinna Binishchaya, Madahetu Binishchaya etc. I Vayal elephants are considered unsuitable for all work. There are three types of elephants – Shudda, Subrata, Bissama and Sarvadosh Pradusta.
For the strength of the elephant and the body of the elephant, the elephant should be bathed three times in the fourth month, i.e. on the full moon day of the month of Kartik, Phalguna and Asadha.
Chariot Commander
The work of the Ashvadhaksha is also the work of the Radhakhas. The special work of the charioteer is to build new chariots and to set up a factory to repair old chariots.
A chariot ten times higher and twelve times wider than the size of the twelve-fingered man, whose fate is mentioned, is considered to be a good class of chariot.
The charioteer must have knowledge of the bow and arrow, the armor, the composition of other tools, the appointment of charioteers, the charioteer and all the details related to the work of the chariot. Until the work is completed, the charioteer will keep all the information regarding the wages and allowances of the servants and the dadi.
Patyadhyksha
The officer who supervises the soldiers is called Patyadhyksha. Whatever the charioteer has to do is also the job of the Patyadhyksha.
The commander must be knowledgeable about the secret knowledge of the underworld, such as the Gartasangram, land warfare, open warfare, frontal warfare, covert warfare, trench warfare, hidden in the pits, mirror warfare, day warfare, and night warfare.
He must also have knowledge about the appointment and dismissal of soldiers.
Commander
The head of the army is called the commander. He should be aware of all the work of the four-color army, the main force, the cavalry, etc., and the sub-commanders of each army.
Kautilya Arthashastra
Right. The commander should be skilled in handling weapons in various types of warfare and in the management of war, guns, horses and chariots etc. The commander should work with all his heart on the training ground of the soldiers, making gaps in the enemy army during the war, scattering the well-organized and united enemies, killing the enemy soldiers, destroying the enemy's fort and determining the time of travel for the war.
The commander should also teach the soldiers to be skilled in terms of education, location, campaign, attack etc. by giving signals through loud voices, flags and banners etc.
The commander is also responsible for teaching the soldiers to be skilled in terms of education, location, campaign, attack etc.
The mintmaster
The officer appointed to perform the duties related to royal insignia etc. and coins is called the mintmaster.
It is the duty of the coin collector to collect taxes from those entering and leaving the state, to allow or expel persons with coins to enter public offices, and to punish those who do not comply with this duty. Those who enter for the crime of showing counterfeit coins should be punished.
Bivitadhyakshi
The chief officer in charge of the grasslands is called Bivishtadhyaki. His duty is to check the coins of those entering his territory. His job is to keep an eye on the movements of thieves and spies. To protect against deer and wild animals, large and small gates should be built between them. In waterless areas, arrangements should be made to bring water from wells or springs. It is also his duty to prepare flower pots at various places.
Chandals and hunters constantly roam the forests. As soon as one sees all these people, one should come from a distance without their knowledge and give a signal to the watchman by blowing a conch or trumpet or ride a fast horse and convey the news to the place. The news can also be sent to the king by means of a feathered messenger. This news can be sent to the officials by lighting smoke during the day and fire at night.
Kautilya Arthashastra
The person who collects the income from forts, public dues, mines, forests, etc. is called a Samaharta. All public dues are divided into categories and villages are also divided into good, medium and bad. Accounts should be kept of which villages are tax-free, which villages provide the state with how many soldiers every year, which villages provide cow dhan in lieu of tax, etc. For this work, the CA appoints a Gopada
The Samaharta appoints spies to look after the interests of the public dues. The CA also appoints other spies to keep an eye on the spies and fulfills his duty.
Citizen's work
The manager of the city is called a citizen. Like the Samaharta, he also has to pay constant attention to the city. The Gopa and the local help him. The analysis of the work of the Gopa is discussed in the last chapter. The local's responsibility is to arrange the fourth part of the fort. That is, the city is divided into four parts and each part will have a local governor. Like the governor, his job is to keep track of the movement, number, etc. of the inhabitants of the city. He should have knowledge of the small and big events that have taken place in that part of the city.
The mayor (citizen) is the master of the city. Whatever is the duty of the king is also the duty of the citizen. There is no need to talk about them in detail. The citizen becomes the king of the city.
Kautilya Arthashastra Seed treatment