Produced in Assam, the flesh is leathery and has a fragrance like lotus, the yellow of Lo'ar, the scent of Jalganj, the scent of Grameru province, the smell of cow urine, the blood-yellow of Subarnaka, the scent of lemon, the scent of oil of Panik Island, the scent of lotus or butter.
Bhadrashiya sandalwood
Produced in the Tirsitya river area in Kamrup, it has a rich color on the banks of the river. The fragrance of both of these is similar to the herb called Kut.
Kaleika sandalwood is of two types - Kaleika snigdha and yellow sandalwood grown in Burma. The sandalwood grown in the Himalayas is of blood-yellow sandalwood.
Kautilya Arthasshastra Analysis of oil extracts
The skin grown in the region called Balihab in the Himalayas is known as Samun, Chinsi and Samuli. The skin of the samurai is wide, the chin is reddish-black or yellowish-black and is slightly brown in color. The skin is of three types – satina, nalatula and vratapucha. The satina is black, the nalatula is white and the vratapucha is dark brown. The skin which is soft, smooth and hairy is known as the best skin.
Blankets are generally of ten types – kambala, kauchapaka, vairmitik, saimitik, turgastaran, barnak, talichhak, bargan, paristoma and samanta bhadrak.
Blankets or good fabrics are considered to be smooth, soft and soft to the touch. Magisi and apsaral blankets are made in Nepal.
There are six types of cloth made from deer hair - Samputika, Chaturasika, Kambara, Katavanaka, Pravaraka and Savhalika.
The mining industry
Now let us talk about mining. The head of the mining industry should be well versed in all the knowledge related to Shulusastra, Dhatusastra, Rasa, Pal and Manirag etc. For this, he should have skilled workers and the tools used by them and gain experience.
Bhachidro, Guha, Tarai Layan, as well as Namakoli, Ama, Tal, Haldi, Haritala, Hingu, Shwetaphala, Shuva and Peacock's feather Kachanik i.e. gold-producing Rasa
Kautilya Arthasastra
It is calculated in terms of weight. If this juice is added to water and spreads like oil and mud accumulates under the water, then if this juice is added to a hundred pieces of copper and a hundred pieces of silver and then it is possible to make it golden, then there is a possibility of gold mining there.
The place where lead mining is possible, the color is black like a crow or like a sable.
The place where there is a possibility of getting gold is like earth or like a brick.
Where there is a possibility of getting iron and steel metal, there is a possibility of iron and steel metal being produced in abundance. Where the color is like a crow's egg or like a banquet, there may be iron and steel mines. The area where the earth is smooth, crackles when exposed to fire, is extremely cold and has some color, may be a place for the extraction of gems.
The Chief Officer of the Salt Department shall collect the portion received to meet the demand for manufactured or marketable salt at the right time. He may levy such state duty as may be prescribed at the time of sale. Some portion of salt imported from abroad shall be treated as state-owned. It is a punishable offence to mix salt with vermilion.
The salt is produced from the mines and by the salt the army is born. By the force of the salt and the salt the earth is occupied.
The factory of the Suvarshadhaksha should be on the Urimahala and should have one entrance. The colour of the golden pahachar is of five types - Jambunada, Satkumbha, Hataka, Vaishnava and Sangishuktija. Its three types are - Jatarupa, Rasasidha and Akrodgata. The gold of the ochre color is pure, unpolished and shiny, the gold of the red-yellow color is medium, and the gold of the purest color is considered to be pure. The best quality gold, which is yellow and mixed with white, is called ‘Aparampak’. There are many varieties of gold.
Silver is classified into four types - Tuthodgat, Gaudika, Rukrabakila and Kammuk. The silver that is bright, smooth and soft is the best silver. The silver from which bubbles come out is of a clear, smooth curd color, and is known as pure silver. The gold coin made with pure, yellow gold, like a piece of cake, weighing only one massa, is called pure Varnak. Apart from this, Sol Mitra Varnak is considered pure Varnak.
The gold on which gold is polished is called Kabit Pati.
Kautilya Economics
Duties of a Goldsmith
Gold ornaments should be made by skilled craftsmen in the art of jewellery. The work should be done by skilled craftsmen according to the time and work.
The craftsman can make things in the following ways – Tula Bissam, Apsarana, Bisravana, Petaka and Pinka. Tula Bissam means bad weight which is of eight types – Sannamini, Utkarnika, Ottamastaka, Upakandi, Kushikya, Saktukakshya, Pahelli and Ayahkan. The extraction of the weight from the non-weight material is Apsarana. After conducting the overall examination done by the craftsman, the extraction of the gold leaf by mixing a large amount of glass beads is called Bisravana. All the small pairs of thick or thin leaves are called Petaka. Pinka is of five types. Strong or weak gold and silver ornaments are filled with gold mining soil, dhol and hingal powder in a fire, and then gold sand mixed with it is filled with lacquer. It is also possible to make gold and silver ornaments by adding gems or glass to strong or weak gold and silver ornaments. This process of removing gold and silver is called pink.
Therefore, the signs of the Tiari ornaments should be understood by the goldsmith with diamonds, gems, pearls, corals and silver.
The methods of removing gold and silver by a goldsmith are - abkshepa, idol, fire, gandika, bhandika, adhuktar, pichcha, sutra, chalam, bold, sir, utsam maniksha, the habit of repeatedly looking at one's head, a water vessel and a hidden, black object that is previously mixed in the fire.
Such a superintendent should test the unfit ornaments by mixing new, old and unworn items. After that, the goldsmiths who have produced these defects should be compensated and appropriate punishment should be given.
The treasurer
The treasurer should have complete knowledge of these ten words. Namely – Sita, nation, money, change, change, change, change, lion, other, expenditure and presence I
All kinds of true bread are considered to be Sita. Pindkara, Shadbhaga and Sena Bhakta food items, Balikara, Utsanga Parihinaka, Sevakhanika and Kosteyaku
Kautilya Arthasastra
It is called Rashtra. There are three types of samsara, namely – grain, root, kosha nirhara and application patidan. To accept one type of grain in place of another type of anti-kim or in excess is called Parivartak. To ask for grain etc. from Suhadda on the assurance of not giving back is called Pramartyaka. To take grain on the promise of giving back with interest is called Apamityaka. The work of threshing grain etc. for earning a living, the dues received from the makers of oil, sugar from sugarcane are called Singhanika. The grain accumulated by someone through illegal means is called Andajata. The wealth remaining after spending the rules is called Vyasapratyaya.
There are six types of Upastha, namely – Tulasananantara, Hatapurana, Uttak, Sud Pasusita and Prajita.
Signs of the year of the grain are: Sadhav, Samudra, Bid, Yabakshaar, Saubarchal and Upavedja – these are
The details of the grain year should be done in the manner of Sitadhayaksha.
Ghrut, Tel, Kesa, Majjaa This is the Snehabhachi.
Raba, Gud, Sugarcane – these are the years of the year of the grain.
There are two differences between honey from bees and grape juice. Achu juice, Gud, Honey, Raba, Jamkokir juice, Pansar juice etc. Mix one juice from any of them with a medicine called Meshshringi and Pipliquath and boil it, mix it with Kakri Achu, Mango and Amla juice or not and keep the pure juice for a month, six months or a year. Make a white preparation, this is called Shuktavagar.
Fruits are – Tentuli, Karda, Mango, Bedana, Amla, Bijora, Lemon, Soto Koli, Bada Koli, Sauviraka and Parushak are considered as fruit crops.
Curd and Kazi etc. are non-fruit crops.
Peepli, Gol Marich, Ada, Jeera, Chirta, Yellow Mustard, Dauna, Mainphala, Sajna all these are included in Kutu. Karma Ruri, Jhadudar, Mahal Chowkidar etc. who weigh and determine the measure of the grain, who supervise, weigh counters and other workers are given Bisti Juha.
Panyadhyaksha
The worker who controls the saleable state goods is called Panyadhyaksha. Panyadhyaksha is responsible for the import of goods by water and land, in large quantities or
Kautilya Economics
There should be a close knowledge of the minimum collection of imported, beloved or unloved items in small quantities. Make arrangements for the sale of domestically produced items as well as imported items from abroad.
Sales abroad
If any trader of his country goes abroad under the supervision of a treasurer, then in case of trouble he should have complete arrangements for the protection of his body and mother until he returns to his country, until the king of that country pays the appropriate taxes and can carry on his business.
For traders to trade abroad by sea, they should have good transportation and food expenses, the balance of their own money and foreign currency, protection from dangers during travel, etc., and complete knowledge of the customs of that country.
A person who has made arrangements for sandalwood, etc., valuable wood, and bakkal, etc. is called a treasurer. The Banapal works under him. The best wood is better than that and the best products are manufactured in the factory.
The strong and valuable woods of the pious class are – Seguan, Trisha Sandalwood, Arjuna, Mahul, Tinal Shaal, Shisham, Arimed Rajadan, Shirishi, Bhair, Sansama, Tal, Sarja, Ashvakarna, Sombalka, Balkasha, Mango, Priyaka and Dhavdrukha. Bhatla, Chimiya, Gapa, Benu, Bansa, Satin Kastak, Bhalu are in the Basa class. Cane, Shikballi, Baana, Shamalta, Nagalta etc. fall in the Valli class. Malati, Muhaan, An, Shan, Nagavan, Alsi etc. fall in the Vallak class. Ropes are made from Muj and Barbaja etc. The use of talc and bojsari is used to dye clothes. Kandamul, fruits fall in the medicinal class. Kalkut, Besinabha Halahal, Meshshring, Sriti Mahavisa, Baillitaka, Gauradra, Balak, Markat Hembat, Kalingaka, Dardaka Ankela Sarak and Ishtak etc. fall into the poisonous category which produces poison. In the forest, snakes, scorpions etc. fall into the poisonous insects. When these poisons are kept in Kalsi etc., they become very deadly.
Godha Serak, Dwipi, Sisumaar Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Mahishi, Chamri Cow, Samantra Rhinoceros, Cow, Deer, Blue Cow, Various Types of Deer, Animals, Birds and Waterfowl
Kautilya Arthasastra
The skin, bones, bile, nerves, teeth, horns, hooves and tails of animals are considered as 'Kipya'.
Iron, copper, brass, lead, iron, steel, brass, etc. are made by Kipya.
Pottery is of two types - made of bamboo or cane and made of clay.
Livestock sheds for deer, livestock sheds for birds and snakes, or livestock sheds made of wood or grass are also considered as 'Kupya'.
The chief of the Kipya should maintain some distance outside the city or in the city to help those who have learned to live by Kipya and open a factory to manufacture suitable utensils for earning a living and for the purpose of defending the city.
Duties of the Ordnance Officer
The chief officer of the armory is called the Ordnance Officer. It is his duty to make and arrange the necessary equipment for war. The construction of forts, the destruction of enemies, the arrangement of storing weapons, etc. should be done with the help of craftsmen and artisans. All such responsibilities fall on the commander of the ordnance.
The number of fixed instruments is ten, namely – Sarvoto Bhadra, Jamadamanya, Multi-purpose, Vishvasadhi, Sanghati, Yanaka, Paryanyaka, Bahuyantra, Urtabahu and Uprahan.
The number of movable instruments is 17. namely Panchaliki, Devadand, Sukarika, Muslayasti, Handicharaka, Talvrutta, Mudgar, Drughana, Kodal, Ascotima, Uddhatik, Utpatima, Satakhani, Trishula and Chakra.
The weapons with sharp edges at the front are - Shakti Pratama, Kuta, Hataka, Bhivipala, Shula, Tomar, Varahkarna, Kanapa and Trasika. The bow is of three types - Karmul, Kaudanda and Dham.
Other weapons are - Yantra Pashan, Gobapan, Pashan, Musti Pasalana, Rochni and Dusad. The types of armor are - Teerjaal, Teerjaalika, Teerpat, Teerkacha, Sutra Naknu, Sisumaar Khandaga, Dhenuk, Elephant and Bal etc. The covering made of the skin, hooves and horns of animals is also called armor.
Kautilya Arthasastra