Natural Resources

Kautilya's Arthashastra Natural Resources

System of State Expansion

Swami, Minister, Janapada, Fort, Kose, Army and Mitra These seven are said to be the nature of the state.

The 16 auspicious qualities of a king are – born of a noble family, endowed with good fortune, intelligent, endowed with wisdom, wise, virtuous, truthful, truthful, grateful, broad-minded, unusually enthusiastic, free from laziness, fearless, strong-minded, undemanding, and willing.

The eight faculties of a king are – Sushrusa, Shravan, Acceptance, Dharavigya, Uha, Aroha and Tatvabhimaani.

Enthusiastic qualities:

Bravery, courage, speed and vision

The king's personal wealth is his wealth, memory, mind, strength, rise, self-sufficiency, achievements, punishment during the time of suffering, skillful in helping, skillful in dealing with cold, famine, and good fortune, keeping an eye on spies, performance in the appointment of troops according to the interests of the country and time, peace-courage-renunciation-temperance and being able to do the right thing in a difficult situation, abstaining from lust-anger-greed-delusion, agility, and the like, being a lover of speech and being protected by the gods and goddesses, etc.

Kautilya's Arthashastra

Properties of Janpada Sampada

If a fort is placed in the middle or at the end of Janpada, all the food items of the people of the country and abroad are available there. Janpada should be in such a place, in case of danger, it is possible to leave from there and go to a safe place.

Where livelihood is easy with little effort, there is a system to suppress enemies and rebellious feudal lords. There is a place of excellence for the human race, there is a system of protection from scores and robbers.

Khos Sampada

The royal treasury should be acquired according to the religion and justice of the previous kings and the autonomous government. There is a large amount of gold, silver, gems, it should be able to deal with danger.

Danda Sampada

Danda means the army has been in existence since the time of fathers and grandfathers and it is always under the king. The responsibility of its security lies with the king and there is a complete system of maintenance during the attack. It is engaged in dealing with the enemy and is skilled in the art of war.

Friend Wealth

A friend should be one who has come from the ancestors. He should be a virtuous, noble, unwavering, endowed with great power, mantra and enthusiasm and should be able to take up enterprises according to the opportunity.

Enemy Wealth

Friends of greedy and wicked people who are not born in a royal family, those who act against the scriptures, those who are lucky, those who are reckless, impatient and enemies who harm others can be easily cut off.

Kautilya Arthashastra

In addition, the qualities of the seven natures are described. A king who is endowed with self-sufficiency or a king who is well-versed in ethics is able to conquer the world even if he is the ruler of a small land.

Sādhi and Kāniṭ Vidhu

In this method, sama means peace and vyāyama means the sacrifice of work, kṣema means the proper enjoyment of the object obtained, yoga means the gain of the object, these are described in detail.

The name of the auxiliary element of the initiated work is vyāyama. The beneficial element of kṣema related to the fruit of work is sama. The reason for this is that - the six gunas are the union of the deity, the vehicle, the seat, the doubt and the divine. The three fruits of the six gunas are decay, place and growth. Its two karmas are human and divine. Naya, apanaya are considered human and aya and other divine karmas. Human work is transformed to attain yoga kṣema.

The five qualities of wealth, ministers, etc., combined with the qualities of nature and living under the shelter of nature are called vijigishma. The kings of other countries who are on the side of the king are considered to be ari prakrti. The king who does not have enemies on his side is considered to be amitra prakrti. The kings close to the king are friends, non-friends and friends. Here, enemies and friends are explained in detail. A description of 12 such kingly natures is given here.

Here, the power and strength of wealth is explained. With power, happiness is experienced from strength and peace. The different levels of power are - mantra power, knowledge power, earth power, and the power of military power and enthusiasm-power. The achievements are - mantra siddhi, earth power, and enthusiasm siddhi. A king who is accomplished in these powers and 'siddhis' is considered to be victorious. The king should continuously increase his strength and achievements. He should also try to acquire the power of the enemy.

A king who is outside his kingdom is considered as a tyrant, a friend as a tyrant, a close king as a tyrant, and himself as a tyrant. In this way, a tyrant king is able to eliminate or oppress a powerful enemy by sitting between these two types of kings.